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Thermodynamics
A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs spontaneity proof
A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs spontaneity proof
Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yYbzJs6vgv8?rel=0">https://www.youtube.com/embed/yYbzJs6vgv8?rel=0</a> link to open resource.
A look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs spontaneity proof
◄ More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship
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පුවත් සංසදය
Introduction to chemistry
Elements and atoms
Atomic weight and atomic mass
Worked example: Atomic weight calculation
The mole and Avogadro's number
Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions
Introduction to ions
Naming ions and ionic compounds
Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas
Molecular mass and molecular weight
Naming ions and ionic compounds
Common polyatomic ions
Naming ionic compound with polyvalent ion
Finding formula for ionic compounds
Chemical reactions introduction
Balancing chemical equations
Balancing more complex chemical equations
Visually understanding balancing chemical equations
Balancing another combustion reaction
Balancing chemical equation with substitution
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry example problem 1
Stoichiometry example problem 2
Stoichiometry: Limiting reagent
Limiting reactant example problem 1
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2a (part 1 of 2)
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2a (part 2/2) and b
Empirical, molecular, and structural formulas
Molecular mass percentage
Molecular weight percentages
Empirical formula from mass composition
Another mass composition problem
Introduction to redox reactions
Dissolution and precipitation
Precipitation reactions
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3a
Complete ionic and net ionic equations
The history of atomic chemistry
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
Introduction to light
Photoelectric effect
Bohr model radii (derivation using physics)
Bohr model radii
Bohr model energy levels (derivation using physics)
Bohr model energy levels
Absorption and emission
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers for the first four shells
Orbitals
More on orbitals and electron configuration
Noble gas configuration
Electron configurations 2
Electron configurations for the first period
Electron configurations for the second period
Electron configurations for the third and fourth periods
Electron configuration for d block element
Electron configurations in the 3d orbitals
Electron configuration for f block element Nd
Paramagnetism and diamagnetism
The periodic table - classification of elements
Groups of the periodic table
Counting valence electrons for main group elements
The periodic table - transition metals
Valence electrons and bonding
Atomic radius trends on periodic table
Atomic and ionic radii
Mini-video on ion size
Ionization energy trends
Period trend for ionization energy
First and second ionization energy
Electron affinity: period trend
Electronegativity
Electronegativity and bonding
Metallic nature
Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
Ionic bonds and Coulombs law
Electronegativity
Electronegativity and bonding
Metallic nature
Covalent networks, metallic crystals, and ionic crystals
Covalent networks, metallic crystals, and ionic crystals
Drawing dot structures
Formal charge and dot structures
Resonance and dot structures
VSEPR for 2 electron clouds
VSEPR for 3 electron clouds
More on the dot structure for sulfur dioxide
VSEPR for 4 electron clouds
VSEPR for 5 electron clouds
VSEPR for 5 electron clouds (continued)
VSEPR for 6 electron clouds
Dipole moment
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2d and e
sp³ hybridization
Steric number and sp3 hybridization
sp² hybridization
Sp hybridization
Organic hybridization practice
Ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
Deflate gate
Ideal gas equation example 1
Ideal gas equation example 1
Ideal gas equation example 2
Ideal gas equation example 2
Ideal gas equation example 3
Ideal gas equation example 4
Introduction to partial pressure
Partial pressure example
Vapor pressure example
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Real vs ideal gas behavior
Van der Waals equation
States of matter
States of matter follow-up
Specific heat and latent heat of fusion and vaporization
Specific heat, heat of fusion and vaporization example
Chilling water problem
Change of state example
Vapor pressure
Phase diagrams
Van der Waals forces
Solubility and intermolecular forces
Surface tension
Capillary action and why we see a meniscus
Boiling points of organic compounds
Boiling point comparison: AP Chemistry multiple choice
Solubility of organic compounds
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2f
Suspensions, colloids and solutions
Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
Reactions in equilibrium
Keq intuition
Keq derivation intuition
Heterogeneous equilibrium
Small x approximation for small Kc
Small x approximation for large Kc
Le Chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's principle: Worked example
Introduction to reaction quotient Qc
Comparing Q vs K example
Arrhenius definition of acids and bases
Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases
Autoionization of water
Definition of pH
pH, pOH of strong acids and bases
Strong acids and strong bases
Acid strength, anion size, and bond energy
Conjugate acid-base pairs
pKa and pKb relationship
Relationship between Ka and Kb
Ka and acid strength
Weak acid equilibrium
Weak base equilibrium
Acid-base properties of salts
pH of salt solutions
Introduction to buffers
Buffers, the acid rain slayer
Common ion effect and buffers
Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch
Buffer solution pH calculations
pH and pKa relationship for buffers
Buffer capacity
Ways to get a buffer solution
Titration introduction
Titration calculation example
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base
Titration of a strong acid with a strong base (continued)
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base (continued)
Titration of a weak base with a strong acid
Titration of a weak base with a strong acid (continued)
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3b
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3c
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3d
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3e
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3f
Titration curves and acid-base indicators
Titration roundup
Acid base titration example
Redox titration
Dissolution and precipitation
Common polyatomic ions
Introduction to solubility and solubility product constant
Solubility from the solubility product constant
2015 AP Chemistry free response 4
Solubility and the common-ion effect
Solubility and the pH of the solution
Solubility and complex ion formation
First Law of Thermodynamics introduction
More on internal energy
Calculating internal energy and work example
Specific heat and latent heat of fusion and vaporization
Chilling water problem
Macrostates and microstates
Quasistatic and reversible processes
Work from expansion
PV-diagrams and expansion work
Calorimetry and enthalpy introduction
Enthalpy
Heat of formation
Hess's law and reaction enthalpy change
Hess's law example
Bond enthalpy and enthalpy of reaction
2015 AP Chemistry free response 7
Introduction to entropy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy: Embrace the chaos
Work done by isothermic process
Carnot cycle and Carnot engine
Proof: Volume ratios in a Carnot cycle
Proof: S (or entropy) is a valid state variable
Thermodynamic entropy definition clarification
Reconciling thermodynamic and state definitions of entropy
Entropy intuition
More on entropy
Maxwell's demon
Gibbs free energy and spontaneity
Gibbs free energy example
More rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationship
Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient
Standard change in free energy and the equilibrium constant
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2c
Oxidation and reduction
Oxidation state trends in periodic table
Practice determining oxidation states
Unusual oxygen oxidation states
Introduction to redox reactions
Redox reaction with iron
Oxidizing and reducing agents
Disproportionation
Balancing redox reactions in acid
Balancing redox reactions in base
Redox titration
Redox reaction from dissolving zinc in copper sulfate
Introduction to galvanic/voltaic cells
Electrodes and voltage of Galvanic cell
Shorthand notation for galvanic/voltaic cells
Lead storage battery
Nickel-cadmium battery
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1d
Standard reduction potentials
Using reduction potentials
Voltage as an intensive property
Spontaneity and redox reactions
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1a
Free energy and cell potential
Standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant
Calculating the equilibrium constant from the standard cell potential
Galvanic cells and changes in free energy
Nernst equation
Using the Nernst equation
Concentration cell
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1b and c
Introduction to electrolysis
Quantitative electrolysis
Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride
Introduction to kinetics
Rate of reaction
Rate law and reaction order
Finding units of rate constant k
Experimental determination of rate laws
First-order reaction (with calculus)
Plotting data for a first-order reaction
Half-life of a first-order reaction
Half-life and carbon dating
First-order reaction example
Rate constant k from half-life example
Second-order reaction (with calculus)
Plotting data for a second-order reaction
Half-life of a second-order reaction
Second-order reaction example
Zero-order reaction (with calculus)
2015 AP Chemistry free response 5
Collision theory
Arrhenius equation
Forms of the Arrhenius equation
Using the Arrhenius equation
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Elementary rate laws
Mechanisms and the rate-determining step
Catalysts
Spectrophotometry introduction
Spectrophotometry example
Mass defect and binding energy
Nuclear stability and nuclear equations
Types of decay
Writing nuclear equations for alpha, beta, and gamma decay
Half-life and carbon dating
Half-life plot
Exponential decay formula proof (can skip, involves calculus)
Introduction to exponential decay
More exponential decay examples
Exponential decay and semi-log plots
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1a
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1b and c
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1d
2015 AP Chemistry free response 1e
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2a (part 1 of 2)
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2a (part 2/2) and b
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2c
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2d and e
2015 AP Chemistry free response 2f
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3a
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3b
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3c
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3d
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3e
2015 AP Chemistry free response 3f
2015 AP Chemistry free response 4
2015 AP Chemistry free response 5
2015 AP Chemistry free response 5a: Finding order of reaction
2015 AP Chemistry free response 6
2015 AP Chemistry free response 7
Introduction to "Meet a chemistry professional"
Representing structures of organic molecules
Naming simple alkanes
Naming alkanes with alkyl groups
Correction - 2-propylheptane should never be the name!
Common and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixes
Naming alkanes with ethyl groups
Alkane with isopropyl group
Organic chemistry naming examples 2
Organic chemistry naming examples 3
Naming a cycloalkane
Naming two isobutyl groups systematically
Organic chemistry naming examples 4
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III
Bicyclic compounds
Naming cubane
Heats of combustion of alkanes
Newman projections
Newman projections 2
Conformations of ethane
Conformational analysis of ethane
Conformational analysis of propane
Conformational analysis of butane
Newman projection practice 1
Newman projection practice 2
Chair and boat shapes for cyclohexane
Double Newman diagram for methylcyclohexane
Stability of cycloalkanes
Conformations of cyclohexane
Drawing chair conformations
Monosubstituted cyclohexane
Disubstituted cyclohexane
Polysubstituted cyclohexane
Functional groups
More functional groups
Identifying functional groups
Changes in free energy and the reaction quotient ►
Home
Calendar
Course sections
General
Atoms, compounds, and ions
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry
Electronic structure of atoms
Periodic table
Chemical bonds
Gases and kinetic molecular theory
States of matter and intermolecular forces
Chemical equilibrium
Acids and bases
Buffers, titrations, and solubility equilibria
Thermodynamics
Redox reactions and electrochemistry
Kinetics
Nuclear chemistry
Studying for the AP Chemistry exam?
Meet the chemistry professional
Organic chemistry
Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups
Topic 19